Facebook, Inc. is an American online social media and social networking service company based in Menlo Park, California. Its website was launched on February 4, 2004, by Mark Zuckerberg, along with fellow Harvard College students and roommates Eduardo Saverin, Andrew McCollum, Dustin Moskovitz and Chris Hughes. The founders initially limited the website's membership to Harvard students. Later they expanded it to higher education institutions in the Boston area, the Ivy League schools, and Stanford University. Facebook gradually added support for students at various other universities, and eventually to high school students. Since 2006, anyone who claims to be at least 13 years old has been allowed to become a registered user of Facebook, though variations exist in this requirement, depending on local laws. The name comes from the face book directories often given to American university students. Facebook held its initial public offering (IPO) in February 2012, valuing the company at $104 billion, the largest valuation to date for a newly listed public company. It began selling stock to the public three months later. Facebook makes most of its revenue from advertisements that appear onscreen. Facebook can be accessed from a large range of devices with Internet connectivity, such as desktop computers, laptops and tablet computers, and smartphones. After registering, users can create a customized profile indicating their name, occupation, schools attended and so on. Users can add other users as "friends", exchange messages, post status updates, share photos, videos and links, use various software applications ("apps"), and receive notifications of other users' activity. Additionally, users may join common-interest user groups organized by workplace, school, hobbies or other topics, and categorize their friends into lists such as "People From Work" or "Close Friends". Additionally, users can report or block unpleasant people. Facebook has more than 2.2 billion monthly active users as of January 2018. Its popularity has led to prominent media coverage for the company, including significant scrutiny over privacy and the psychological effects it has on users. In recent years, the company has faced intense pressure over the amount of fake news, hate speech and depictions of violence prevalent on its services, all of which it is attempting to counteract. 2003–2006: Thefacebook, Thiel investment, and name change La mythologie grecque, c'est-à-dire l'ensemble organisé des mythes provenant de la Grèce antique, se développe au cours d'une très longue période allant de la civilisation mycénienne jusqu'à la domination romaine. La rencontre entre les Grecs et les Romains coïncide avec celle de la mythologie grecque et de la mythologie romaine : la première exerce une forte influence sur la seconde, qui ne s'y réduit pas pour autant. Longtemps après la disparition des religions grecque et romaine, la mythologie grecque est utilisée comme sujet d'inspiration par les artistes, et continue à l'être de nos jours. La mythologie grecque nous est parvenue grâce à un vaste ensemble de textes dont les plus anciens sont les épopées d'Homère et les poèmes d'Hésiode, principalement la Théogonie, mais aussi par les arts picturaux comme la céramique ou par les monuments sacrés. L'ensemble de ces sources présente des généalogies et des récits qui forment un système doté d'une cohérence limitée. Les mythes grecs témoignent de la représentation que les anciens Grecs se faisaient du monde. Néanmoins, le statut de la mythologie grecque est complexe, car la mythologie dépasse le cadre de la religion. Les personnages et les événements mythiques rapportés par la tradition étaient pour les Grecs, du moins dans leurs grandes lignes, des réalités historiques relevant d'un passé lointain et servaient donc de base de travail aux historiens antiques. Dans le même temps, la mythologie fournit une ample source d'inspiration à la littérature et aux arts grecs antiques. Mark Zuckerberg, co-creator of Facebook, in his Harvard dorm room, 2005 In May 2005, Accel Partners invested $12.7 million in Facebook, and Jim Breyer added $1 million of his own money. A high-school version of the site was launched in September 2005, which Zuckerberg called the next logical step. (At the time, high-school networks required an invitation to join.)Facebook also expanded membership eligibility to employees of several companies, including Apple Inc. and Microsoft. 2006–2012: Public access, Microsoft alliance and rapid growth On September 26, 2006, Facebook was opened to everyone at least 13 years old with a valid email address.[31][32][33] In late 2007, Facebook had 100,000 business pages (pages which allowed companies to promote themselves and attract customers). These started as group pages, but a new concept called company pages was planned. Pages began rolling out for businesses in May 2009.[35] On October 24, 2007, Microsoft announced that it had purchased a 1.6% share of Facebook for $240 million, giving Facebook a total implied value of around $15 billion. Microsoft's purchase included rights to place international advertisements on the social networking site. In October 2008, Facebook announced that it would set up its international headquarters in Dublin, Ireland.Almost a year later, in September 2009, Facebook said that it had turned cash flow positive for the first time. A January 2009 Compete.com study ranked Facebook the most used social networking service by worldwide monthly active users.[40] Entertainment Weekly included the site on its end-of-the-decade "best-of" list saying, "How on earth did we stalk our exes, remember our co-workers' birthdays, bug our friends, and play a rousing game of Scrabulous before Facebook?"[41] Traffic to Facebook increased steadily after 2009. The company announced 500 million users in July 2010, and according to its data, half of the site's membership used Facebook daily, for an average of 34 minutes, while 150 million users accessed the site by mobile. A company representative called the milestone a "quiet revolution." In November 2010, based on SecondMarket Inc. (an exchange for privately held companies' shares), Facebook's value was $41 billion. The company had slightly surpassed eBay to become the third largest American web company after Google and Amazon.com.[44][45] In early 2011, Facebook announced plans to move its headquarters to the former Sun Microsystems campus in Menlo Park, California.[46][47] In March 2011, it was reported that Facebook was removing about 20,000 profiles every day for violations such as spam, graphic content, and underage use, as part of its efforts to boost cyber security.[48] Statistics by DoubleClick showed that Facebook reached one trillion page views in the month of June 2011, making it the most visited website tracked by DoubleClick.[49][50] According to a Nielsen study, Facebook had in 2011 become the second-most accessed website in the U.S. behind Google.[51][52] 2012–2013: IPO, lawsuits and one-billionth user Main article: Initial public offering of Facebook Facebook eventually filed for an initial public offering on February 1, 2012.[53] Facebook held an initial public offering on May 17, 2012, negotiating a share price of US$38. The company was valued at $104 billion, the largest valuation to date for a newly listed public company.[54][55][56] Facebook began selling stock to the public and trading on the NASDAQ on May 18, 2012.[57] Based on its 2012 income of $5 billion, Facebook joined the Fortune 500 list for the first time in May 2013, ranked in position 462.[58] Facebook filed their S1 document with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 1, 2012. The company applied for a $5 billion IPO, one of the biggest offerings in the history of technology.[59] The IPO raised $16 billion, making it the third-largest in U.S. history, after Visa Inc. in 2008 and AT&T Wireless in 2000.[60][61] The shares began trading on May 18; the stock struggled to stay above the IPO price for most of the day, but set a record for the trading volume of an IPO (460 million shares).[62] The first day of trading was marred by technical glitches that prevented orders from going through;[63][64] only the technical problems and artificial support from underwriters prevented the stock price from falling below the IPO price on the day.[65] In March 2012, Facebook announced App Center, a store selling applications that operate via the website. The store was to be available on iPhones, Android devices, and mobile web users.[66] Billboard on the Thomson Reuters building welcomes Facebook to NASDAQ, 2012 On May 22, 2012, the Yahoo! Finance website reported that Facebook's lead underwriters, Morgan Stanley (MS), JP Morgan (JPM), and Goldman Sachs (GS), cut their earnings forecasts for the company in the middle of the IPO process.[67] The stock had begun its freefall by this time, closing at 34.03 on May 21 and 31.00 on May 22. A "circuit breaker" trading curb was used in an attempt to slow down the stock price's decline.[68] Securities and Exchange Commission Chairman Mary Schapiro, and Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) Chairman Rick Ketchum, called for a review of the circumstances surrounding the IPO.[69] Facebook's IPO was consequently investigated, and was compared to a "pump and dump" scheme.[63][67][69][70] A class-action lawsuit was filed in May 2012 because of the trading glitches, which led to botched orders.[71][72] Lawsuits were filed, alleging that an underwriter for Morgan Stanley selectively revealed adjusted earnings estimates to preferred clients.[73] The other underwriters (MS, JPM, GS), Facebook's CEO and board, and NASDAQ also faced litigation after numerous lawsuits were filed, while SEC and FINRA both launched investigations.[74] It was believed that adjustments to earnings estimates were communicated to the underwriters by a Facebook financial officer, who used the information to cash out on their positions while leaving the general public with overpriced shares.[75] By the end of May 2012, Facebook's stock lost over a quarter of its starting value, which led The Wall Street Journal to label the IPO a "fiasco".[76] Zuckerberg announced to the media at the start of October 2012 that Facebook had passed the monthly active users mark of one billion.[77] The company's data also revealed 600 million mobile users, 219 billion photo uploads, and 140 billion friend connections.[78] 2013–2014: Site developments, A4AI and 10th anniversary On January 15, 2013, Facebook announced Facebook Graph Search, which provides users with a "precise answer", rather than a link to an answer by leveraging the data present on its site.[79] Facebook emphasized that the feature would be "privacy-aware", returning results only from content already shared with the user.[80] On April 3, 2013, Facebook unveiled Facebook Home, a user-interface layer for Android devices offering greater integration with the site. HTC announced the HTC First, a smartphone with Home pre-loaded.[81] On April 15, 2013, Facebook announced an alliance across 19 states with the National Association of Attorneys General, to provide teenagers and parents with information on tools to manage social networking profiles.[82] On April 19, 2013, Facebook officially modified its logo to remove the faint blue line at the bottom of the "F" icon. The letter F moved closer to the edge of the box.[83] Following a campaign by 100 advocacy groups, Facebook agreed to update its policy on hate speech. The campaign highlighted content promoting domestic and sexual violence against women, and used over 57,000 tweets and more than 4,900 emails that caused withdrawal of advertising from the site by 15 companies, including Nissan UK, House of Burlesque and Nationwide UK. The social media website initially responded by stating that "while it may be vulgar and offensive, distasteful content on its own does not violate our policies".[84] It decided to take action on May 29, 2013, after it "become clear that our systems to identify and remove hate speech have failed to work as effectively as we would like, particularly around issues of gender-based hate":
التعريف والفهم تنزيل التنزيل عملية نقل ملف أو بيانات من نظام كمبيوتر إلى نظام كمبيوتر آخر. من الإنترنت ، المستخدمين الذين يقومون بعملية التنزيل هو المكان الذي يطلب فيه المستخدمون ملفًا من كمبيوتر آخر (مثل: موقع ويب أو خادم أو ما شابه) ثم يتلقاها. بعبارة أخرى Le pilier d'Yzeures-sur-Creuse est une colonne monumentale antique en calcaire coquillier jurassique dont certains vestiges sont retrouvés dans et à proximité des fondations de l'ancienne église de la commune française d'Yzeures-sur-Creuse en Indre-et-Loire en 1895. La reconstruction de l'église paroissiale Notre-Dame, à partir de 1895, est l'occasion de la découverte, dans les tranchées de fondations, de nombreux blocs de pierre antiques et de quelques sarcophages mérovingiens. Parmi la petite centaine de blocs mis au jour lors des travaux (1895) et des fouilles qui s'ensuivent (1896), vingt-et-un sont identifiés comme appartenant sans aucun doute à un pilier monumental. Ils s'organisent en trois niveaux de décors sculptés en bas-relief représentant des divinités romaines (Jupiter, Mars...) et des héros de la mythologie grecque (Hercule, Persée...), vraisemblablement surmontés d'une statue disparue. Les éléments retrouvés permettent de suggérer qu'il s'agit d'un monument haut de neuf mètres, probablement édifié au début du iiie siècle à la gloire de l'empereur au travers de représentations allégoriques. Le pilier fait certainement partie d'un ensemble de monuments et édifices cultuels qui comprend aussi au moins un temple, peut-être dédié à Minerve comme en témoigne une dédicace lapidaire, et un autel, le tout appartenant sans doute à une agglomération secondaire non encore identifiée. La fonction religieuse du site perdure au Haut Moyen Âge avec la construction d'une église mérovingienne qui utilise en remploi, dans ses fondations, des éléments des monuments antiques. Les blocs préservés d'Yzeures-sur-Creuse, listés comme objets protégés en 1896 puis intégrés à la base Palissy en 1992, sont exposés depuis 1972 au Musée Minerve, construit dans la même commune, à proximité immédiate du lieu de leur exhumation. Ceux qui sont attribués au pilier sont étudiés en détail en 1972 puis, dans le cadre plus global de recherches sur l'ensemble des vestiges lapidaires d'Yzeures-sur-Creuse, en 2014.